How a few giants captured the world’s seeds
A 2009 study by Philip H. Howard of Michigan State University documents rapid consolidation of the commercial seed industry into an oligopoly (“Big Six”), using firm-by-firm maps from 1996–2008.
The consolidation is driven by biotech patents and mergers, with ripple effects that curb seed saving, narrow varietal choice, and entrench dependence on proprietary traits.
Read and download the study below: